HMS Calypso |
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| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Preceded by: | Comus-class corvette |
| Succeeded by: | None |
| Built: | 1883 - 1884 |
| Completed: | 2 |
| Scrapped: | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type: | Calypso-class corvette |
| Displacement: | 2,770 tons |
| Length: | 235 ft (72 m) |
| Beam: | 44 ft (13 m) |
| Draught: | 21 ft (6 m) |
| Installed power: | 4,023 ihp (3.000 MW) |
| Propulsion: |
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| Sail plan: | Barque rig |
| Speed: | 13.75 kt (25.5 km/h) powered; 14.75 kt (27.3 km/h) forced draught |
| Complement: | 291 |
| Armament: |
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| Armour: | Deck: .5 in (13 mm) over engines |
The Calypso class comprised two steam corvettes (later classified as third-class cruisers) of the Royal Navy. Built for distant cruising in the heyday of the British Empire, they served with the fleet until the early twentieth century, when they became training ships. Remnants of both survive, after a fashion; HMS Calliope in the name of the Naval Reserve unit she once served, and HMS Calypso both in the name of a civilian charity and the more corporeal form of her hull, now awash in a cove off Newfoundland.
The class exemplifes the transitional nature of the late Victorian navy. In design, materials, armament, and propulsion the Calypso show evidence of their wooden sailing antecedents, blended with characteristics of the all-metal mastless steam warships which followed. Their appearance and layout was similar to "pure" sailing corvettes, with boiler rooms, machinery spaces, ventilators, and a flue added. Of iron and steel construction, they had coppering over timber below the waterline, as did older wooden vessels. Their armament was not in turrets or barbettes, but arranged in a central broadside battery, with the four largest guns on sponsons to give larger arcs of fire. And they had both powerful steam engines and an extensive rig of sail — very nearly the last of the sailing cruisers.[1]
Contents |
Calypso and Calliope made up the Calypso class, a successor to the successful Comus class, all designed by Nathaniel Barnaby. The vessels were screw corvettes or small cruisers, and were among the Royal Navy’s last sailing corvettes. They supplemented an extensive sail rig with powerful engines.
In profile they resembled older wooden sailing frigates, from bowsprit to stern gallery. The ports in the gallery were false, and there were no quarter galleries.[2] Other differences included a nearly straight stem angling forward to an underwater ram bow, a shorter battery, and sponsoned guns on the corners of the battery. Above the decks they had a full suite of masts and spars, standing and running rigging, and square and fore-and-aft sails. The shrouds were not attached to chainplates on the outside of the hull, as in older vessels, but to the inside of the bulwarks. Interposed between the masts and rigging were the ventilators and stack of the steam plant. In plan the ships shows decks common to older sailing cruising vessels, including a poop deck at the rear, the overhang of which sheltered a wheel on the quarterdeck below. The guns were all on the highest continuous deck;[3] the battery was shorter than on wooden vessels with full-length gun decks, as the class carried fewer (although more powerful) guns than corvettes and frigates in the classic age of sail; all guns were carried in the waist of the ship, between the poop and forecastle.
The armament of the class consisted of naval rifles-- breechloaders with rifling in their bores to impart a spin and therefore stability to projectiles in flight. The Calypsos differed however from the previous Comus class, as they had new 6" rifles in place of the 7" muzzleloaders and 64-pounders that originally armed the predecessor class, and 5" guns in a battery between the 6" guns. There were four 6-inch (152.4 mm) breechloaders in sponsons fore and aft on each side, twelve 5-inch (127.0 mm) breechloaders in broadside between the 6" guns, and six quck-firing Nordenfelts.[4]
The Calypsos were slightly longer than their predecessors, and displaced 390 tons more.[5] Their engines were of 4,023 i.h.p., over 50% more powerful than those of their nine predecessors, which gave them one more knot of speed.[5] These compound engines could drive the ships at 13¾ knots, or 14¾ knots with forced draught.[6] The hulls of these vessels were of course adapted for the screw driven by their reciprocating steam engines. In common with older vessels, they were coppered to reduce fouling from marine growth, and the copper sheathing was affixed to timber as in wooden ships, but that timber was not structural, but simply encased the metal hull beneath.[7] The vessels were among the first of the smaller cruisers to be given metal hulls.[8]
They carried a barque rig of sail on three masts,[9] including a full set of studding sails on fore and mainmasts.[10] This rig enabled them to serve in areas where coaling stations were rare, and to rely on their sails for propulsion. That flexibility made them was well-suited to distant cruising service and trade protection for the British Empire.[6]
The vessels had two complete decks, upper and lower, with poop and forecastle decks. The poop deck contained cabins for the Captain, First Lieutenant, and Navigating Officer, with the double wheel sheltered under its forward end. The forecastle was used for the heads and working space for the cables. Between these was the open quarterdeck in the waist of the ship, on which the battery was located. Under the lower deck were spaces for water, provisions, coal, and magazines for shell and powder. Amidships were the engine and boiler rooms. These were covered by an armoured deck, 1.5 inches (38 mm) thick and approximately 103 ft (31 m) long. This armour was about 3 ft (120 cm) underneath the lower deck, and the space between could be used for additional coal bunkerage. The machinery spaces were flanked by coal bunkers, affording the machinery and magazines some protection from the sides. The lower deck, above the machinery spaces, was used for berthing of the ship's company; officers aft, warrant and petty officers forward, and ratings amidships, as was traditional. The tops of the coal bunkers, which projected above deck level, could be used for seating on one side of the mess tables, which were arranged fore-and-aft. The living spaces were well-ventilated and an improvement over prior vessels.[11]
Both vessels had relatively short careers with the fleet. In the 1890s they were relegated to training and subsidiary duties. Both were present at the 1897 Review of the Fleet, held to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria's accession to the throne.[12]
Calliope had achieved fame as the only ship to escape from the 1889 Apia cyclone, for which she thereafter was known as the "Hurricane Jumper". After her fleet service, she became a drill ship on the Tyne in 1907. She gave her name to the "stone frigate" (shore establishment) now operating there under the name of HMS Calliope.[13] The vessel itself was discarded in 1951.
Calypso had a less eventful and shorter career overall, although she spent more time at sea than her sister. As part of the sail training squadron, Calypso cruised in home waters, the North Sea, and the Arctic and Atlantic oceans. In 1902, after that service ended, she was sent to the colony of Newfoundland, where she served as a stationary training vessel for the Newfoundland Royal Naval Reserve before and during World War I. In 1922 she was declared surplus and sold out of the service, and thereafter used as a storage hulk in Lewisporte. Her name was taken by the Calypso Foundation, a local charity engaged in training the developmentally disabled.[14] The ship's hull was towed away to a coastal bay and burned out. It is still there, awash in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.[15]
| Ship | Laid down | Builder | Engine-builder | Launched | Completed | Disposition | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HMS Calypso | 1 September 1881 | Chatham Dockyard | J. & G. Rennie | 7 June 1883 | October 1885 | RNR training ship 1902 | Sold 1922, hull still extant |
| HMS Calliope | 1 October 1881 | Portsmouth Dockyard | J. & G. Rennie | 24 July 1884 | 25 January 1887 | RNR training ship 1907 | Sold for breaking 1951 |
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